Dielectric and metallic nanostructures can be tailored to provide unusual interaction with light waves. For example, they support localized resonances highly sensitive to the surroundings, complex scattering patterns and ultrafast nonlinearities.

When photoactive molecules strongly interact with confined light, for instance inside optical cavities or near (localised) surface plasmons, new hybrid light-matter states may form, the so-called polaritons or plexcitons.

The optical modes of photonic structures are the so-called TE and TM modes which bring intrinsic spin-orbit coupling and chirality to these systems.