The disadvantage of graphene for using digital electronics is lack of bandgap, which is necessary to perform on-off switching operations in transistors. We have shown three different approaches to open a gap in graphene and tailor its electronic band structure.

In recent years, spintronic technologies, in which information is carried by spin instead of charge, have become a promising candidate for “beyond-CMOS” devices.

Superconductivity induced by proximity effect is particularly interesting in graphene.

In this talk, an overview of surface-science investigations on the chemical reactivity of epitaxial graphene (Gr) and materials “beyond graphene” (van der Waals semiconductors, topological insulators, Dirac semimetals, Weyl semimetals) will be provided.